Spring Boot thymeleaf模板引擎的使用詳解
在早期開發的時候,我們完成的都是靜態頁面也就是html頁面,隨著時間軸的發展,慢慢的引入了jsp頁面,當在后端服務查詢到數據之后可以轉發到jsp頁面,可以輕松的使用jsp頁面來實現數據的顯示及交互,jsp有非常強大的功能,但是,在使用springboot的時候,整個項目是以jar包的方式運行而不是war包,而且還嵌入了tomcat容器,因此,在默認情況下是不支持jsp頁面的。如果直接以純靜態頁面的方式會給我們的開發帶來很大的麻煩,springboot推薦使用模板引擎。
模板引擎有很多種,jsp,freemarker,thymeleaf,模板引擎的作用就是我們來寫一個頁面模板,比如有些值呢,是動態的,我們寫一些表達式。而這些值,從哪來呢,我們來組裝一些數據,我們把這些數據找到。然后把這個模板和這個數據交給我們模板引擎,模板引擎按照我們這個數據幫你把這表達式解析、填充到我們指定的位置,然后把這個數據最終生成一個我們想要的內容給我們寫出去,這就是我們這個模板引擎,不管是jsp還是其他模板引擎,都是這個思想。只不過不同的模板引擎語法不同而已,下面重點學習下springboot推薦使用的thymeleaf模板引擎,語法簡單且功能強大
1、thymeleaf的介紹官網地址:https://www.thymeleaf.org/
thymeleaf在github的地址:https://github.com/thymeleaf/thymeleaf
中文網站:https://raledong.gitbooks.io/using-thymeleaf/content/
導入依賴:
<!--thymeleaf模板--> <dependency> <groupId>org.thymeleaf</groupId> <artifactId>thymeleaf-spring5</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.thymeleaf.extras</groupId> <artifactId>thymeleaf-extras-java8time</artifactId> </dependency>
在springboot中有專門的thymeleaf配置類:ThymeleafProperties
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = 'spring.thymeleaf')public class ThymeleafProperties {private static final Charset DEFAULT_ENCODING = StandardCharsets.UTF_8;public static final String DEFAULT_PREFIX = 'classpath:/templates/';public static final String DEFAULT_SUFFIX = '.html';/** * Whether to check that the template exists before rendering it. */private boolean checkTemplate = true;/** * Whether to check that the templates location exists. */private boolean checkTemplateLocation = true;/** * Prefix that gets prepended to view names when building a URL. */private String prefix = DEFAULT_PREFIX;/** * Suffix that gets appended to view names when building a URL. */private String suffix = DEFAULT_SUFFIX;/** * Template mode to be applied to templates. See also Thymeleaf’s TemplateMode enum. */private String mode = 'HTML';/** * Template files encoding. */private Charset encoding = DEFAULT_ENCODING;/** * Whether to enable template caching. */private boolean cache = true;2、thymeleaf使用模板
在java代碼中寫入如下代碼:
@RequestMapping('/hello') public String hello(Model model){ model.addAttribute('msg','Hello'); //classpath:/templates/hello.html return 'hello'; }
html頁面中寫入如下代碼:
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang='en' xmlns:th='http://www.thymeleaf.org'><body><h1>Hello</h1><div th:text='${msg}'></div></body></html>3、thymeleaf的表達式語法
Simple expressions:Variable Expressions: ${...}Selection Variable Expressions: *{...}Message Expressions: #{...}Link URL Expressions: @{...}Fragment Expressions: ~{...}LiteralsText literals: ’one text’, ’Another one!’,…Number literals: 0, 34, 3.0, 12.3,…Boolean literals: true, falseNull literal: nullLiteral tokens: one, sometext, main,…Text operations:String concatenation: +Literal substitutions: |The name is ${name}|Arithmetic operations:Binary operators: +, -, *, /, %Minus sign (unary operator): -Boolean operations:Binary operators: and, orBoolean negation (unary operator): !, notComparisons and equality:Comparators: >, <, >=, <= (gt, lt, ge, le)Equality operators: ==, != (eq, ne)Conditional operators:If-then: (if) ? (then)If-then-else: (if) ? (then) : (else)Default: (value) ?: (defaultvalue)Special tokens:No-Operation: _4、thymeleaf實例演示
1、th的常用屬性值
一、th:text :設置當前元素的文本內容,相同功能的還有th:utext,兩者的區別在于前者不會轉義html標簽,后者會。優先級不高:order=7
二、th:value:設置當前元素的value值,類似修改指定屬性的還有th:src,th:href。優先級不高:order=6
三、th:each:遍歷循環元素,和th:text或th:value一起使用。注意該屬性修飾的標簽位置,詳細往后看。優先級很高:order=2
四、th:if:條件判斷,類似的還有th:unless,th:switch,th:case。優先級較高:order=3
五、th:insert:代碼塊引入,類似的還有th:replace,th:include,三者的區別較大,若使用不恰當會破壞html結構,常用于公共代碼塊提取的場景。優先級最高:order=1
六、th:fragment:定義代碼塊,方便被th:insert引用。優先級最低:order=8
七、th:object:聲明變量,一般和*{}一起配合使用,達到偷懶的效果。優先級一般:order=4
八、th:attr:修改任意屬性,實際開發中用的較少,因為有豐富的其他th屬性幫忙,類似的還有th:attrappend,th:attrprepend。優先級一般:order=5
thymeleaf.html
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang='en' xmlns:th='http://www.thymeleaf.org'><head> <meta charset='UTF-8'> <title>Title</title></head><body> <p th:text='${thText}'></p> <p th:utext='${thUText}'></p> <input type='text' th:value='${thValue}'> <div th:each='message:${thEach}'> <p th:text='${message}'></p> </div> <div> <p th:text='${message}' th:each='message:${thEach}'></p> </div> <p th:text='${thIf}' th:if='${not #strings.isEmpty(thIf)}'></p> <div th:object='${thObject}'> <p>name:<span th:text='*{name}'/></p> <p>age:<span th:text='*{age}'/></p> <p>gender:<span th:text='*{gender}'/></p> </div></body></html>
ThymeleafController.java
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;import org.springframework.ui.ModelMap;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;@Controllerpublic class ThymeleafController { @RequestMapping('thymeleaf') public String thymeleaf(ModelMap map){ map.put('thText','th:text設置文本內容 <b>加粗</b>'); map.put('thUText','th:utext 設置文本內容 <b>加粗</b>'); map.put('thValue','thValue 設置當前元素的value值'); map.put('thEach','Arrays.asList('th:each', '遍歷列表')'); map.put('thIf','msg is not null'); map.put('thObject',new Person('zhangsan',12,'男')); return 'thymeleaf'; }}
2、標準表達式語法
${...} 變量表達式,Variable Expressions
*{...} 選擇變量表達式,Selection Variable Expressions
一、可以獲取對象的屬性和方法
二、可以使用ctx,vars,locale,request,response,session,servletContext內置對象
session.setAttribute('user','zhangsan');th:text='${session.user}'
三、可以使用dates,numbers,strings,objects,arrays,lists,sets,maps等內置方法
standardExpression.html
<!--一、strings:字符串格式化方法,常用的Java方法它都有。比如:equals,equalsIgnoreCase,length,trim,toUpperCase,toLowerCase,indexOf,substring,replace,startsWith,endsWith,contains,containsIgnoreCase等二、numbers:數值格式化方法,常用的方法有:formatDecimal等三、bools:布爾方法,常用的方法有:isTrue,isFalse等四、arrays:數組方法,常用的方法有:toArray,length,isEmpty,contains,containsAll等五、lists,sets:集合方法,常用的方法有:toList,size,isEmpty,contains,containsAll,sort等六、maps:對象方法,常用的方法有:size,isEmpty,containsKey,containsValue等七、dates:日期方法,常用的方法有:format,year,month,hour,createNow等--><!DOCTYPE html><html lang='en' xmlns:th='http://www.thymeleaf.org'><head> <meta charset='UTF-8'> <title>thymeleaf內置方法</title></head><body> <h3>#strings </h3> <div th:if='${not #strings.isEmpty(Str)}' > <p>Old Str : <span th:text='${Str}'/></p> <p>toUpperCase : <span th:text='${#strings.toUpperCase(Str)}'/></p> <p>toLowerCase : <span th:text='${#strings.toLowerCase(Str)}'/></p> <p>equals : <span th:text='${#strings.equals(Str, ’blog’)}'/></p> <p>equalsIgnoreCase : <span th:text='${#strings.equalsIgnoreCase(Str, ’blog’)}'/></p> <p>indexOf : <span th:text='${#strings.indexOf(Str, ’r’)}'/></p> <p>substring : <span th:text='${#strings.substring(Str, 2, 4)}'/></p> <p>replace : <span th:text='${#strings.replace(Str, ’it’, ’IT’)}'/></p> <p>startsWith : <span th:text='${#strings.startsWith(Str, ’it’)}'/></p> <p>contains : <span th:text='${#strings.contains(Str, ’IT’)}'/></p> </div> <h3>#numbers </h3> <div> <p>formatDecimal 整數部分隨意,小數點后保留兩位,四舍五入: <span th:text='${#numbers.formatDecimal(Num, 0, 2)}'/></p> <p>formatDecimal 整數部分保留五位數,小數點后保留兩位,四舍五入: <span th:text='${#numbers.formatDecimal(Num, 5, 2)}'/></p> </div> <h3>#bools </h3> <div th:if='${#bools.isTrue(Bool)}'> <p th:text='${Bool}'></p> </div> <h3>#arrays </h3> <div th:if='${not #arrays.isEmpty(Array)}'> <p>length : <span th:text='${#arrays.length(Array)}'/></p> <p>contains : <span th:text='${#arrays.contains(Array,2)}'/></p> <p>containsAll : <span th:text='${#arrays.containsAll(Array, Array)}'/></p> </div> <h3>#lists </h3> <div th:if='${not #lists.isEmpty(List)}'> <p>size : <span th:text='${#lists.size(List)}'/></p> <p>contains : <span th:text='${#lists.contains(List, 0)}'/></p> <p>sort : <span th:text='${#lists.sort(List)}'/></p> </div> <h3>#maps </h3> <div th:if='${not #maps.isEmpty(hashMap)}'> <p>size : <span th:text='${#maps.size(hashMap)}'/></p> <p>containsKey : <span th:text='${#maps.containsKey(hashMap, ’thName’)}'/></p> <p>containsValue : <span th:text='${#maps.containsValue(hashMap, ’#maps’)}'/></p> </div> <h3>#dates </h3> <div> <p>format : <span th:text='${#dates.format(Date)}'/></p> <p>custom format : <span th:text='${#dates.format(Date, ’yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss’)}'/></p> <p>day : <span th:text='${#dates.day(Date)}'/></p> <p>month : <span th:text='${#dates.month(Date)}'/></p> <p>monthName : <span th:text='${#dates.monthName(Date)}'/></p> <p>year : <span th:text='${#dates.year(Date)}'/></p> <p>dayOfWeekName : <span th:text='${#dates.dayOfWeekName(Date)}'/></p> <p>hour : <span th:text='${#dates.hour(Date)}'/></p> <p>minute : <span th:text='${#dates.minute(Date)}'/></p> <p>second : <span th:text='${#dates.second(Date)}'/></p> <p>createNow : <span th:text='${#dates.createNow()}'/></p> </div></body></html>
ThymeleafController.java
@RequestMapping('standardExpression') public String standardExpression(ModelMap map){ map.put('Str', 'Blog'); map.put('Bool', true); map.put('Array', new Integer[]{1,2,3,4}); map.put('List', Arrays.asList(1,3,2,4,0)); Map hashMap = new HashMap(); hashMap.put('thName', '${#...}'); hashMap.put('desc', '變量表達式內置方法'); map.put('Map', hashMap); map.put('Date', new Date()); map.put('Num', 888.888D); return 'standardExpression'; }
@{...} 鏈接表達式,Link URL Expressions
<!--不管是靜態資源的引用,form表單的請求,凡是鏈接都可以用@{...} 。這樣可以動態獲取項目路徑,即便項目名變了,依然可以正常訪問鏈接表達式結構無參:@{/xxx}有參:@{/xxx(k1=v1,k2=v2)} 對應url結構:xxx?k1=v1&k2=v2引入本地資源:@{/項目本地的資源路徑}引入外部資源:@{/webjars/資源在jar包中的路徑}--><link th:href='http://www.cgvv.com.cn/bcjs/@{/webjars/bootstrap/4.0.0/css/bootstrap.css}' rel='external nofollow' rel='stylesheet'><link th:href='http://www.cgvv.com.cn/bcjs/@{/main/css/123.css}' rel='external nofollow' rel='stylesheet'><form th:action='@{/user/login}' th:method='post' ><a th:href='http://www.cgvv.com.cn/bcjs/@{/login.html(l=’zh_CN’)}' rel='external nofollow' >中文</a><a th:href='http://www.cgvv.com.cn/bcjs/@{/login.html(l=’en_US’)}' rel='external nofollow' >English</a>
#{...} 消息表達式,Message Expressions
<!-- 消息表達式一般用于國際化的場景。結構:th:text='#{msg}'-->
~{...} 代碼塊表達式,Fragment Expressions
fragment.html
<!--支持兩種語法結構推薦:~{templatename::fragmentname}支持:~{templatename::#id}templatename:模版名,Thymeleaf會根據模版名解析完整路:/resources/templates/templatename.html,要注意文件的路徑。fragmentname:片段名,Thymeleaf通過th:fragment聲明定義代碼塊,即:th:fragment='fragmentname'id:HTML的id選擇器,使用時要在前面加上#號,不支持class選擇器。代碼塊表達式的使用代碼塊表達式需要配合th屬性(th:insert,th:replace,th:include)一起使用。th:insert:將代碼塊片段整個插入到使用了th:insert的HTML標簽中,th:replace:將代碼塊片段整個替換使用了th:replace的HTML標簽中,th:include:將代碼塊片段包含的內容插入到使用了th:include的HTML標簽中,--><!DOCTYPE html><html lang='en' xmlns:th='http://www.thymeleaf.org'><head> <meta charset='UTF-8'> <title>Title</title></head><body><!--th:fragment定義代碼塊標識--><footer th:fragment='copy'> 2019 The Good Thymes Virtual Grocery</footer><!--三種不同的引入方式--><div th:insert='fragment::copy'></div><div th:replace='fragment::copy'></div><div th:include='fragment::copy'></div><!--th:insert是在div中插入代碼塊,即多了一層div--><div> <footer> © 2011 The Good Thymes Virtual Grocery </footer></div><!--th:replace是將代碼塊代替當前div,其html結構和之前一致--><footer> © 2011 The Good Thymes Virtual Grocery</footer><!--th:include是將代碼塊footer的內容插入到div中,即少了一層footer--><div> © 2011 The Good Thymes Virtual Grocery</div></body></html>5、國際化的配置
在很多應用場景下,我們需要實現頁面的國際化,springboot對國際化有很好的支持, 下面來演示對應的效果。
1、在idea中設置統一的編碼格式,file->settings->Editors->File Encoding,選擇編碼格式為utf-8
2、在resources資源文件下創建一個i8n的目錄,創建一個login.properties的文件,還有login_zh_CN.properties,idea會自動識別國際化操作
3、創建三個不同的文件,名稱分別是:login.properties,login_en_US.properties,login_zh_CN.properties
內容如下:
#login.propertieslogin.password=密碼1login.remmber=記住我1login.sign=登錄1login.username=用戶名1#login_en_US.propertieslogin.password=Passwordlogin.remmber=Remember Melogin.sign=Sign Inlogin.username=Username#login_zh_CN.propertieslogin.password=密碼~login.remmber=記住我~login.sign=登錄~login.username=用戶名~
4、配置國際化的資源路徑
spring: messages: basename: i18n/login
5、編寫html頁面
初始html頁面<!DOCTYPE html><html lang='en' xmlns:th='http://www.thymeleaf.org'> <head> <meta charset='UTF-8'/> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <form action='' method='post'> <label >Username</label> <input type='text' name='username' placeholder='Username' > <label >Password</label> <input type='password' name='password' placeholder='Password' > <br> <br> <div> <label> <input type='checkbox' value='remember-me'/> Remember Me </label> </div> <br> <button type='submit'>Sign in</button> <br> <br> <a>中文</a> <a>English</a> </form> </body></html>修改后的頁面<!DOCTYPE html><html lang='en' xmlns:th='http://www.thymeleaf.org'> <head> <meta charset='UTF-8'/> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <form action='' method='post'> <label th:text='#{login.username}'>Username</label> <input type='text' name='username' placeholder='Username' th:placeholder='#{login.username}'> <label th:text='#{login.password}'>Password</label> <input type='password' name='password' placeholder='Password' th:placeholder='#{login.password}'> <br> <br> <div> <label> <input type='checkbox' value='remember-me'/> [[#{login.remmber}]] </label> </div> <br> <button type='submit' th:text='#{login.sign}'>Sign in</button> <br> <br> <a>中文</a> <a>English</a> </form> </body></html>
可以看到通過瀏覽器的切換語言已經能夠實現,想要通過超鏈接實現的話,如下所示:
添加WebMVCConfig.java代碼
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;import org.springframework.util.StringUtils;import org.springframework.web.servlet.LocaleResolver;import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.ViewControllerRegistry;import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.WebMvcConfigurer;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;import java.util.Locale;@Configurationpublic class WebMVCConfig implements WebMvcConfigurer { @Override public void addViewControllers(ViewControllerRegistry registry) { registry.addViewController('/').setViewName('login'); registry.addViewController('/login.html').setViewName('login'); } @Bean public LocaleResolver localeResolver(){ return new NativeLocaleResolver(); } protected static class NativeLocaleResolver implements LocaleResolver{ @Override public Locale resolveLocale(HttpServletRequest request) { String language = request.getParameter('language'); Locale locale = Locale.getDefault(); if(!StringUtils.isEmpty(language)){ String[] split = language.split('_'); locale = new Locale(split[0],split[1]); } return locale; } @Override public void setLocale(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Locale locale) { } }}
login.html頁面修改為:
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang='en' xmlns:th='http://www.thymeleaf.org'><head> <meta charset='UTF-8'/> <title>Title</title></head><body><form action='' method='post'> <label th:text='#{login.username}'>Username</label> <input type='text' name='username' placeholder='Username' th:placeholder='#{login.username}'> <label th:text='#{login.password}'>Password</label> <input type='password' name='password' placeholder='Password' th:placeholder='#{login.password}'> <br> <br> <div> <label> <input type='checkbox' value='remember-me'/> [[#{login.remmber}]] </label> </div> <br> <button type='submit' th:text='#{login.sign}'>Sign in</button> <br> <br> <a th:href='http://www.cgvv.com.cn/bcjs/@{/login.html(language=’zh_CN’)}' rel='external nofollow' >中文</a> <a th:href='http://www.cgvv.com.cn/bcjs/@{/login.html(language=’en_US’)}' rel='external nofollow' >English</a></form></body></html>
國際化的源碼解釋:
//MessageSourceAutoConfiguration public class MessageSourceAutoConfiguration { private static final Resource[] NO_RESOURCES = new Resource[0]; public MessageSourceAutoConfiguration() { } @Bean @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = 'spring.messages') //我們的配置文件可以直接放在類路徑下叫: messages.properties, 就可以進行國際化操作了 public MessageSourceProperties messageSourceProperties() { return new MessageSourceProperties(); } @Bean public MessageSource messageSource(MessageSourceProperties properties) { ResourceBundleMessageSource messageSource = new ResourceBundleMessageSource(); if (StringUtils.hasText(properties.getBasename())) {//設置國際化文件的基礎名(去掉語言國家代碼的) messageSource.setBasenames(StringUtils.commaDelimitedListToStringArray(StringUtils.trimAllWhitespace(properties.getBasename()))); } if (properties.getEncoding() != null) { messageSource.setDefaultEncoding(properties.getEncoding().name()); } messageSource.setFallbackToSystemLocale(properties.isFallbackToSystemLocale()); Duration cacheDuration = properties.getCacheDuration(); if (cacheDuration != null) { messageSource.setCacheMillis(cacheDuration.toMillis()); } messageSource.setAlwaysUseMessageFormat(properties.isAlwaysUseMessageFormat()); messageSource.setUseCodeAsDefaultMessage(properties.isUseCodeAsDefaultMessage()); return messageSource; }}//WebMvcAutoConfiguration@Bean@ConditionalOnMissingBean@ConditionalOnProperty(prefix = 'spring.mvc', name = 'locale')public LocaleResolver localeResolver() {if (this.mvcProperties.getLocaleResolver() == WebMvcProperties.LocaleResolver.FIXED) {return new FixedLocaleResolver(this.mvcProperties.getLocale());}AcceptHeaderLocaleResolver localeResolver = new AcceptHeaderLocaleResolver();localeResolver.setDefaultLocale(this.mvcProperties.getLocale());return localeResolver;}//AcceptHeaderLocaleResolver@Overridepublic Locale resolveLocale(HttpServletRequest request) {Locale defaultLocale = getDefaultLocale();if (defaultLocale != null && request.getHeader('Accept-Language') == null) {return defaultLocale;}Locale requestLocale = request.getLocale();List<Locale> supportedLocales = getSupportedLocales();if (supportedLocales.isEmpty() || supportedLocales.contains(requestLocale)) {return requestLocale;}Locale supportedLocale = findSupportedLocale(request, supportedLocales);if (supportedLocale != null) {return supportedLocale;}return (defaultLocale != null ? defaultLocale : requestLocale);}
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